Leaders Of The Major Philosophical Schools
| Period | Academy — Platonic | Peripatetic — Aristotelian | Epicurean — The Garden | Stoic — The Stoa |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 400–376 BC | Plato (387–347 BC) | |||
| 375–351 BC | ||||
| 350–326 BC | Speusippus (347–339 BC) Xenocrates (339–314 BC) |
Aristotle (335–322 BC) | ||
| 325–301 BC | Polemon (314–269 BC) | Theophrastus (322–287 BC) | The Men — co-founders:Epicurus (307–270 BC) Polyaenus (c.345–286 BC) Metrodorus (c.331–278 BC) Hermarchus (c.325–250 BC) → becomes 1st Scholarch |
Zeno of Citium (301–262 BC) |
| 300–276 BC | Strato of Lampsacus (287–269 BC) | |||
| 275–251 BC | Crates of Athens (269–264 BC) Arcesilaus (268–241 BC) |
Lyco of Troas (269–225 BC) | 1. Hermarchus (270–250 BC) (of The Men) Rabirius (late 2nd c. BC) — among first to write in Latin |
Cleanthes (262–232 BC) |
| 250–226 BC | Lacydes (241–215 BC) | 2. Polystratus (250–219 BC) | Chrysippus (232–206 BC) | |
| 225–201 BC | Telecles & Evander (215–205 BC) | Aristo of Ceos (225–190 BC) | 3. Dionysius of Lamptrai (219–205 BC) 4. Basilides of Tyrus (205–175 BC) |
Zeno of Tarsus (206–190 BC) |
| 200–176 BC | Hegesinus (190–155 BC) | sparse records | Titus Albucius (late 2nd c. BC) — studied in Athens; brought teachings to Rome Catius Insuber (c.120–45 BC) — popular Celtic author, Northern Italy |
Diogenes of Babylon (190–150 BC) |
| 175–151 BC | Carneades (155–129 BC) | 5. Protarchus of Barghilia (175–150 BC) | ||
| 150–126 BC | Clitomachus (129–110 BC) | 6. Apollodorus of Athens (147–125 BC) Gaius Amafinius (c.150–120 BC) — first to write in Latin Lucius Manlius Torquatus (2nd c.–46 BC) — friend of Cicero Siro (1st c. BC) — pupil of Zeno of Sidon; founded school at Naples; taught Virgil |
Antipater of Tarsus (150–129 BC) Panaetius (129–109 BC) | |
| 125–101 BC | Philo of Larissa (110–84 BC) | 7. Zeno of Sidon (c.125–75 BC) Titus Pomponius Atticus (110–32 BC) — close friend of Cicero; wisely apolitical Lucius Cornelius Sisenna (2nd–1st c. BC) — historian; "inconsistent" Epicurean |
Posidonius (c.110–51 BC) | |
| 100–76 BC | Antiochus of Ascalon (79–40 BC) | Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus (c.100–43 BC) — friend of Cicero; Caesar's father-in-law Gaius Julius Caesar (100–44 BC) — Held numerous Epicurean views Gaius Cassius Longinus (86–42 BC) — friend of Cicero; conspirator against Caesar Philodemus of Gadara (c.110–40 BC) — philosopher and poet at Herculaneum |
||
| 75–51 BC | Nicolaus of Damascus (64 BC–14 AD) Andronicus of Rhodes (c.60–20 BC) |
8. Phaedrus (75–70 BC) 9. Patro (70–51 BC) Titus Lucretius Carus (99–55 BC) — writes De Rerum Natura Gaius Vibius Pansa Caetronianus (c.90s–43 BC) — friend of Cicero and Caesar Gaius Cassius Longinus (86–42 BC) Caius Trebatius Testa (84 BC–4 AD) — friend of Cicero; supported Caesar |
||
| 50–26 BC | Eudorus of Alexandria (c.50–15 BC) | Scholarchs 10–15 not yet identified Publius Virgilius Maro / Virgil (70–19 BC) — student of Siro at Naples Gaius Cilnius Maecenas (70–8 BC) — political advisor to Octavian/Augustus Quintus Horatius Flaccus / Horace (65–8 BC) — coined "carpe diem" Calpurnia Caesaris (c.75 BC–?) — daughter of Piso Caesoninus Lucius Calpurnius Piso Pontifex (48 BC–32 AD) — son of Piso Caesoninus |
||
| 25–1 BC | Philo of Alexandria (c.20 BC–50 AD) | · Publius Quintilius Varus (46 BC–9 AD) — general; fellow-student of Virgil Caius Stallius Hauranus (1st c. BC–1st c. AD) — student at Naples |
||
| 1–25 AD | · Marcus Gavius Apicius (1st c. AD) — gourmet during Tiberius' reign Nomentanus (1st c. AD) — Roman Epicurean during Tiberius' reign |
Seneca (4–65 AD) G. Musonius Rufus (c.20–101 AD) | ||
| 26–50 AD | Plutarch of Chaeronea (46–120 AD) | · Gaius Petronius Arbiter (c.27–66 AD) Publius Manlius Vopiscus (1st c. AD) — patron of the poet Statius |
||
| 51–75 AD | · Caius Artorius Celer (1st–2nd c. AD) — philosopher from North Africa |
Epictetus (c.55–135 AD) | ||
| 76–100 AD | · | |||
| 101–125 AD | Aspasius (c.100–150 AD) | 16. Popillius Theotimus (c.100–130 AD) Empress Pompeia Plotina (c.68–121 AD) — widow of Trajan; interceded with Hadrian for the school |
Marcus Aurelius (121–180 AD) | |
| 126–150 AD | Numenius of Apamea (c.150–210 AD) | 17. Heliodorus (c.130–180 AD) Aurelius Belius Philippus (2nd c. AD) — head of Apamean school Tiberius Claudius Lepidus (2nd c. AD) — founded school at Amastris |
||
| 151–175 AD | Diogenes of Oinoanda (2nd–3rd c. AD) — carved the great inscription Lucius Septimius Severus (145–211 AD) — Emperor 193–211 AD |
|||
| 176–200 AD | Alexander of Aphrodisias (fl. c.200 AD) | Zenobius (2nd–3rd c. AD) — target of a work by Alexander of Aphrodisias |
Scholarchs (Leaders of the School In Athens) are numbered. The Men (dashed border) were co-founders, not successors. Smaller italic entries are notable Epicureans who were not formal scholarchs. Scholarchs 10–15 are marked · pending identification. All dates approximate.